Assess and analysis the situation of urban vulnerability from the perspective of passive defense (case study: Zahedan city)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• mahshid mohammadebrahimi ¹
• Amir oshnooei ²

¹ Instructor, Department of Architecture , Payame Noor University, tehran. Iran.

² Assistant Professor of Geography, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

10.30495/jupm.2022.4276

Abstract

Nowadays, with urbanization of the battlefield, especially in large cities and metropolises, it is important to consider passive defense as a solution to reduce damage, increase and capability. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the urban vulnerability status from the perspective of passive defense in Zahedan city with seven criteria including distance from fire stations, access to higher education, administrative, medical, industrial, military, and urban facilities. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is practical. Required information was collected by document and field method and weighted in Super Decision software, then mapped in GIS environment. The results of ANP model showed that among the criteria studied, the highest weighted value was the index of access to military centers weighing 0.193. Has it. Thereafter the indicators of access to health centers, access to administrative centers, urban facilities, access to higher education, industrial use and access to fire stations were calculated as 0.171, 0.152, and 0.139, respectively , 127 /. 117 /. And /. The next priorities are set. Most of the vulnerability in the north and northeast parts of the city is due to the establishment of suburban areas and the presence of worn-out textures and central areas of the city due to the high construction density and high population density. In this regard, the following suggestions were made: Preparation of passive defense codes for special applications including industrial use, revision of urban development plans with urban safety approach, considering the geographical location of Zahedan city in arid and interest area. In the wake of many sunny days, it is necessary to consider solar power generation facilities as much as possible to generate electricity.

Keywords

• "Urban Vulnerability"
• " Passive Defense"
• " Zahedan city"

20.1001.1.22285229.1401.13.48.5.2

---

References

1. Abdolahzade fard, A. (2020) A Search on the Role of Urban Security in Passive Defense Case study: Shiraz Metropolis, Journal of Urban Planning, Volume 11, Number 40, Spring 1399, pp. 189-200.
2. Ahadnejad Roshti, M., Jalili, k., & Zolfi, A. (2011). Optimal location of temporary accommodation of injured people from earthquakes in urban areas using multi-criteria and GIS methods (Case study: Zanjan city). Journal of Applied Geosciences Research, 23, 45-61.
3. Akhbari, M, Ahmadi Moghadam, M (2014) A Study of Passive Defense in Urban Management, Geopolitical Journal, No. 2, pp. 36-69.
4. Aminian, A, Siami, Q, Taghinejad, K, Zahedi Kolaki, E. (1394). Estimating the vulnerability of Gorgan city to earthquakes by emphasizing the distance from urban facilities by fuzzy logic method. Journal of Crisis Management, 4 (2), 47-54.
5. Kamran, H, Hosseini Amini, H. (1391). Analysis of the location of Shahriar administrative town based on the principles of passive defense. Geography and Environmental Planning, 23 (3), 163-176.
6. Bakhshi Shadmehri F, Zarghani S H, Kharzmi O A.  (2016) Analysis of Passive Defense Considerations in Urban Infrastructure with an Emphasis on Water Infrastructure. geores.; 31 (3) :103-117
7. Birkmann, J. (2006). Measuring vulnerability to promote disaster-resilient societies: Conceptual frameworks and definitions, Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Toward Disaster Resilient Societies. TERI Press, United Nation University, PP 7-54. 
8. Boroushaki, S, Malczewski, J, (2008). Implementing an extension of the analytical hierarchy process using ordered weighted averaging operators with fuzzy quantifiers in Arc GIS. Computers & Geosciences, 34, PP. 399–410.
9. Esfandyarimehni, H. (2016). Role of higher education in the physical development of city (Case study: City of Zahedan). The Dissertation of M.Sc.in Geography, the University of Sisan & Baluchestan.
10. Fanni, Z., & Rowshan, A. (2017). Fire station location with passive defense approach Case study: Behbahan city. Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 101, 81-92.
11. Faridnia, H, Mirkatoli, J (2009) The analysis of permeability coefficient of the urban texture with an emphasis on non-operating defense (case Study: Gorgan City), Journal of Urban Planning, articles ready to be published, accepted, published online from December 3, 2019.
12. Havko, J, Titko, M, Kováčová, J (2017) Vulnerability of the City Infrastructure as a Part of the Resilient City Concept, Procedia Engineering Volume 192, pp 307-312.
13. Kameli, M, Hoseini Amini, H (2016) Assessing the vulnerability of marching routes and its uses to increase urban security with a passive defense approach (Case study: Qom city), Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, Year 8, Issue 3, pp215-230.
14. Kamran, H, Amini, D., & Hosseiniamini, H. (2012). The use of passive defense in urban housing planning. Urban regional and research, 15, 75-88.
15. Kheirizadeh Arouq, M., Esmaeilpour, M., & Sarvar, H. (2020). Vulnerability assessment of cities to earthquake based on the catastrophe theory: a case study of Tabriz city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(14). doi:10.1007/s12665-020-09103-2
16. Lee, Y (2014). Social vulnerability indicators as a sustainable planning tool. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Vol 44, PP 31–42.
17. Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh, M., Alizadeh, M., Parvezyan, A. (2019). Location Urban Haven Based Passive Defense (The city Kuhdasht). Geographical Planning of Space, 9(32), 149-162. doi: 10.30488/gps.2019.91914.
18. Mohammadi, M, Firouzi, M., & Heydarinia, S. (2017). Measurement of critical land use in terms of passive defense in the metropolis of Ahvaz. Human Geography Research, 49 (4), 733-753. 
19. Municipality of zahedan (2019). Unit of fire.
20. Naghsh Jahan Pars Consulting Engineers (2007) Detailed Plan of Tehran, Region 6.
21. National Geosciences Database (2016). http://www.ngdir.ir. 
22. Nazarian, Asghar, Karimi, Babraz (2009) Evaluation of space distribution and location of Shiraz fire stations using GiS, Zagros Landscape Geographical Quarterly, Volume 1, Number 2, pp. 19-19.
23. Pourmohamadi, M., Ghorbani, R., Alizadeh, G. (2019). Evaluation of vulnerability of metropolitan gravity centers of Tabriz from the perspective of passive defense. , 8(30), 41-54.
24. Ranjbar, M, Mardani, M., & Pirayesh, M. (2017). Provide a model for assessing the physical protection of vital facilities for inertial defense against physical and subversive threats. journal of advanced defence science and tecnology, 4, 387-398.
25. Riahi, V, Azizpour, F., & Karimi, Kh. (2016). Managing the crisis and providing a desirable pattern emphasizing vulnerability. (Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge (quarterly), 4, 368-381.
26. Sadeghi, A, Heidari M, Aghaei, F (2009) Vulnerability assessment of urban areas with passive defense approach, case study: 10 districts of Shiraz Municipality, Ayman City Journal, Volume 2, Number 6.
27. Saeedpour, Sh., & Kashefidoodt, D. (2017). Urban Shelter Placement with Passive Defense Approach Case Study: Saghez City. Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 104, 129-144.
28. Salas, J.; Yepes, V. Urban vulnerability assessment: Advances from the strategic planning outlook. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 179, 544–558.
29. Shahivandi, A. (2017). Measuring the vulnerability of urban neighborhoods in accordance with inaccessible defense principles Case study: Shahrekord city. Journal of Emergency Management, 11, 47-62.
30. Siami, G., & Taghinejad, K. (2016). Evaluation of vulnerability of Gorgan city from the point of view of non-operating defense using GIS. Namad –e- golestan quarterly, 37-38, 26-30.
31. Sierra, L.A.; Yepes, V.; García-Segura, T.; Pellicer, E. (2020) Bayesian network method for decision-making about the social sustainability of infrastructure projects. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 176, 521–534. 
32. Statistical Center of Iran. (2016). General senses of people and houses of zahedan.
33. Sterzel T, Lu¨deke MKB, Walther C, Kok MT, Sietz D, Lucas PL (2020) Typology of coastal urban vulnerability under rapid urbanization. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0220936. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0220936
34. Tavakoli Nia, J, Zarghami, S, Teymouri, A and Eskandarpour, M. (2020) An Analysis of Spatial Pathology of the Physical and Social Structure of the City with Non-Relevant Defense Approach Case Study: Tehran Metropolitan Area. researches in Geographical Sciences. 2019; 19 (53) :51-73
35. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2004). Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development. A Global Report, New York: UNDP –Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BRCP), available at http://www. undp.org/bcpr/disred/rdr.htm.
36.  Yazdani, M., & Sayedin, A. (2016). Investigation of the vulnerability of the city from the perspective of passive defense (Case study: Ardabil city). Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 100, 17-34.
37. Zahraei, M., & Ershad, L. (2004). Investigation of seismic vulnerability of buildings in Qazvin city. Journal of the collage of engeenering, 393, 287-297.